Abstract
Recent years have seen a growing diversity in the field of journalism studies, which is primarily ascribed to digital transformation in the contemporary context. Analyzing 6770 publications from the five major journalism journals—Journalism, Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, Journalism Practice, Journalism Studies, and Digital Journalism—over the years 1995-2022, we find new evidence that the digital turn is highly visible in journalism studies. Using document co-citation analysis, first, we have identified many distinct and coherent, yet loosely integrated, research clusters that focus on different journalistic topics, i.e., specialties. Second, we find that digital journalism research has not only been integrated into the research agendas within the field but also formed stand-alone and distinct research clusters. We further show that field structure has developed over the years in response to digital transformation, yet digital and computational methods still remain in the stark minority compared to the more traditional methods. Overall, our results suggest that (digital) journalism studies could potentially benefit from novel inter-cluster communications and methodological innovations
❓ How did we sample journalism research articles ❓
We selected relevant articles by considering the journals they were published in, which included
- Digital Journalism
- Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly
- Journalism Practice
- Journalism Studies
- Journalism: Theory, Practice & Criticism.
👉 Then, I scraped all the available papers from these journals from OpenAlex and identified all the citation pairs. Additionally, I collected the papers' first published date, i.e., the earliest date between the issue and online dates, and abstracts from web pages associated with the papers' digital object identifiers (DOI).
- remove
1330book review artcles- remove
69Newly released- remove
8Corrections- remove
97editorial comments and notes- remove
111information for contributors- remove
9corrigendum- remove
4commentaries and2letters
after removing a total of 1630 articles
Total number of papers retained in the analysis: 6770
| source | doi | |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | Digital Journalism | 843 |
| 1 | Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly | 1369 |
| 2 | Journalism Practice | 1237 |
| 3 | Journalism Studies | 1677 |
| 4 | Journalism: Theory, Practice & Criticism | 1644 |
10 papers were randomly sampled in each case.
For papers with only one reference, the majority of the missing sources were non-research papers such as reports, presentations, news articles, books, and foreign language books.
5811 https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699019827962 5820 https://doi.org/10.25384/sage.c.5066754.v1 6719 https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2021.1882868 5801 https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699016630320 3194 https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670x.2022.2029541 5876 https://doi.org/10.1177/107769900107800213 4469 https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2021.2024083 6682 https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2014.946310 5894 https://doi.org/10.1177/107769900408101s02 3296 https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670x.2022.2139745 Name: doi, dtype: object
4626 https://doi.org/10.1177/107769909907600102 5070 https://doi.org/10.1177/107769909707400105 5215 https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699013493792 5405 https://doi.org/10.1177/107769900908600208 3131 https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670x.2012.662411 6685 https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2016.1168614 5327 https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699015574098 2066 https://doi.org/10.1080/146167000441385 5523 https://doi.org/10.1177/107769900308000211 5136 https://doi.org/10.1177/107769909707400103 Name: doi, dtype: object
['https://doi.org/10.1080/17512780802280984', 'https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670x.2012.662413', 'https://doi.org/10.1080/14616700902987207', 'https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2014.943930', 'https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884909102591', 'https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884908098322', 'https://doi.org/10.1080/14616700701504666', 'https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699016646790', 'https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884914529210', 'https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2012.740242']
The undirected co-citation network analysis is employed as the de facto standard to unveil the intellectual structure in bibliometrics.
👉 So, lets build the network and cluster it
Total number of citation links related to the corpus: 260018
Total number of outgoing citation links: 141975; Total number of incoming citation links: 152229, including external citations: 118043 and internal citations: 34186
Total number of co-citation links: 513194
The co-citation network: 5723 nodes 305193 links Average clustering coefficient 0.44611421787663147 Average degree 106.65490127555478 Giant connected component 5717 nodes faction 0.999
After building the networks,
Infomap and LeidenCo-citation network after filtering (α=0.2) number of nodes after filtering: 4349 0.76 number of edges after filtering: 40778 0.134 percentage of weights after filtering: 0.416 Average clustering coefficient 0.461 Average degree 18.753 Giant connected component: 4280 nodes faction 0.984
Infomap n_clusters and modularity (169, 0.472) Leiden n_clusters and modularity (47, 0.572)
RQ1: What are the most prevalent journalism research clusters, and how are they related to each other ❓
(6333, 47)
Word Collocation
professional-identity 33.69013773409274 20th-century 600.0715818516247 united-states 498.2504853281565 mainstream-media 10.31576517472804 journalistic-norm 15.38824101909386 content-analysis 38.583370937364485 past-year 40.09285677710072 news-production 10.587752052501889 journalistic-practice 15.274491512907677 user-generated-content 72.61922330311252 article-conclude 14.135704970773782 english-language 638.2761881470612 new-technology 16.00920761245675 article-explore 12.036187057395017 public-relation 40.249044374004384 news-organization 11.78571995299071 starting-point 474.6348077350523 study-examine 14.58785897871036 finding-suggest 37.0578229370404 rely-heavily 210.28577993697476 real-world 30.898664721918358 case-study 22.36480327565222 presidential-campaign 79.29727868420787 middle-east 1320.582560296846 media-system 12.229149242964434 news-item 11.914921945040424 journalistic-professionalism 21.53505905702391 article-argue 13.357154715203052 discursive-construction 28.310052977393134 important-role 10.581366484973913 everyday-life 175.2866470596513 article-examine 14.111079191640071 public-opinion 35.752660627138496 information-processing 32.08447148974532 social-media 17.105087352510033 empirical-evidence 74.36941023182634 ethnic-minority 32.591300366300366 paradigm-repair 467.6229027693552 cultural-capital 25.74610561851941 journalistic-field 17.418062472592872 emotional-labor 19.532243016299876 theoretical-framework 64.1284742555971 textual-analysis 57.86134147342062 journalistic-authority 10.312372128884007 native-advertising 264.22792541972495 web-site 59.54359010108052 boundary-work 22.673269192190286 shed-light 875.4230796261157 past-decade 187.13608547295408 foreign-correspondent 210.55955266955266 news-outlet 10.264447480898706 new-york 148.1762844053509 foreign-correspondence 199.71773288439957 in-depth-interview 178.34949302131602 answer-question 125.16043829936882 pay-attention 28.141850916942914 user-comment 37.6578883451369 take-place 100.65511358452694 government-official 10.798992611472698 times-washington 211.25662841313812 investigative-reporting 32.24631328342727 print-online 16.559606828161805 base-interview 10.03082694422895 professional-norm 10.797392286545096 digital-age 45.83973421624857 democratic-society 13.702517133103466 role-conception 56.68052237617455 previous-research 48.18149276588064 united-kingdom 454.5774053124104 n-= 740.6674779541446 increase-number 11.962645988845768 news-consumption 13.860700588408132 online-experiment 12.447735705596106 sexual-violence 103.73256491785904 hierarchy-influence 43.39479660422795 online-harassment 13.905436269025166 point-view 24.627277759837618 general-election 47.05271483929792 online-survey 10.85922325244953 result-indicate 51.84356483959897 well-understand 55.51801059406814 los-angeles 3703.4027055150887 media-outlet 10.520774151750311 asylum-seeker 2281.3910256410254 public-debate 12.677760218654267 different-type 26.45091044221479 national-survey 17.25352078535935 ordinary-people 22.19547230999501 press-freedom 60.206158631999884 recent-year 117.4906564494508 political-economic 12.109665016417429 public-affair 33.807360583078044 business-model 58.758693561501914 article-present 10.074053205918178 bourdieu-field 82.09850057670127 public-sphere 79.75069676008154 hard-news 11.404941645443008 study-investigate 14.284745000327376 european-union 200.12483306389262 reader-comment 26.19572566441471 exploratory-study 16.950166693125894 seek-understand 23.119442582227695 fake-news 21.309379632476144 attention-pay 58.448459596727595 wide-range 209.19393919602913 letter-editor 97.3773417884504 political-actor 18.96848169467217 daily-newspaper 23.815170237410943 world-wide 13.289160225533026 survey-data 15.584305660241917 analytical-framework 78.50438222405224 political-economy 25.323465708081095 production-process 24.113227016051997 investigative-journalism 14.685778152170196 information-flow 13.683083429450212 mass-communication 117.82136406140192 blind-spot 861.0411290322581 technological-innovation 13.486183082446782 high-level 71.82033457197333 telephone-survey 24.047094594594594 implication-finding 17.731607267412894 significant-difference 37.05646214717074 wire-service 83.0138551968651 19th-century 381.8637339055794 agenda-set 25.545029479620613 result-reveal 15.733126889213716 social-network 12.646090646508009 popular-culture 15.051186023344549 financial-crisis 34.503231574638605 journalism-education 15.006373696778091 professional-standard 11.447682460034097 civil-society 126.60267507766737 vox-pop 3900.6095993953136 perceive-credibility 26.838498543790305 field-theory 24.85175409195017 journalistic-autonomy 12.164398224102698 help-explain 19.517128128884448 fourth-estate 1655.3348837209303 latin-america 839.5918780015165 latin-american 102.29619871134638 quantitative-qualitative 67.97116119174943 election-campaign 96.22795509316404 human-right 98.10760042005775 representative-sample 67.46048731734216 special-issue 101.03458940951471 21st-century 743.0861848973437 current-affair 115.7902099970423 particular-attention 10.886878293635895 address-gap 37.59475352112676 mass-media 11.709449233401328 result-suggest 19.314713334403415 presidential-election 224.9563411440697 future-research 13.259803746543987 public-interest 17.023514555490713 qualitative-interview 29.885963807364487 tell-story 13.766178006420917 large-scale 345.01979692841473 ordinary-citizen 95.49419874167285 intermedia-agenda-setting 176.1575647582907 young-adult 149.78829966329965 raise-question 52.06070630861759 focus-group 32.145843227635474 little-attention 19.730739050705786 collective-memory 268.0235610543303 web-2.0 38.015060884426404 interview-conduct 25.057449246650837 factor-influence 15.167542698964184 social-capital 22.136201920684677 positively-relate 47.76713493199714 positively-associate 70.94528057410545 theoretical-methodological 25.713614819952603 comparative-analysis 18.029581279348438 european-country 32.77817819899581 climate-change 97.62383829148025 television-station 62.235115618828175 young-people 72.19133417998378 selective-exposure 385.4201862681395 grow-body 15.4630257212374 literary-journalism 12.028796349758482 discourse-analysis 14.628155501773438 big-data 41.459541949162414 digital-technology 14.822571496568957 data-collect 58.62186396532732 power-relation 10.704362572937056 public-service 51.233716123584855 new-zealand 99.844407239819 south-africa 329.9869162087912 south-african 171.10432692307694 media-landscape 16.98982396064676 paper-examine 11.969912553989946 facebook-twitter 39.74548825158581 audience-engagement 23.19859131340108 et-al 1037.0966488586691 long-term 118.28847149758454 play-important 30.010889926215935 world-war 53.37946384353944 quantitative-content 37.679665443252404 high-profile 169.51822811709962 emotional-response 34.57132746801365 web-analytic 79.22466470031722 practical-implication 96.70627484526744 conceptual-framework 86.79316978882527 challenge-face 25.03802366270249 semi-structured-interview 194.80881316150166 article-analyse 12.325486212988995 man-woman 33.91433199923766 radio-station 42.05329079522628 constructive-journalism 16.18399508882775 social-networking 27.910863291298075 status-quo 527.2548148148148 male-female 97.42261762189905 strong-predictor 18.116723792717277 role-performance 17.13661362979766 mental-health 138.78569909245604 mental-illness 602.8065718157181 finding-discuss 10.518474099861091 iraq-war 36.25774902580037 facebook-page 46.27648231622746 finding-indicate 45.34198734680687 job-satisfaction 453.8250964984836 terrorist-attack 77.35770178235039 analysis-reveal 10.770535461476564 production-distribution 27.769740948813983 washington-post 484.9558848577755 little-know 86.13363451182865 metajournalistic-discourse 178.92929763146134 provide-insight 28.113407762388753 news-making 11.487206798295384 participant-observation 65.5358289051402 structural-equation 62.470949622608394 individual-level 32.31928242976612 base-in-depth 19.473240483415367 political-party 14.058992314874668 high-quality 14.576881856223249 second-level 23.281784581166388 discursive-strategy 11.230081346990035 critical-discourse 35.20992574095803 freelance-journalist 16.76004607810819 comment-section 81.62775229357798 digital-native 15.998966059788716 press-release 88.4865905675389 peace-journalism 13.37913643585396 donald-trump 1031.9178479381444 low-level 60.695612403100775 high-school 37.10051543406498 civic-engagement 53.39972037510656 hong-kong 2963.0647548566144 legacy-media 10.181599614589306 methodological-approach 13.720360327944691 watchdog-role 13.927906139444602 internal-external 37.36451443569554 fill-gap 296.800685693106 health-crisis 16.304337142666757 protest-paradigm 32.61369988545246 black-life 11.592232693476939 similarity-difference 12.767147366910605 al-jazeera 2506.3169014084506 frame-building 27.08500761035008 virtual-reality 62.94605588963566 arab-spring 579.7154879869689 finding-reveal 15.845266068751947 agenda-setting 888.9194264569843 blur-boundary 152.09273504273503 contextual-factor 10.512080576559546 war-correspondent 20.459729807415926 news-avoidance 13.754213302986148 african-american 69.27050285698397 thematic-analysis 19.842151522207537 advertising-revenue 41.8425453743846 live-experience 14.084680950001731 mediatization-politic 41.14178371192416 south-korea 544.96728125 middle-class 235.38161375661375 conspiracy-theory 94.63547958214625 decision-making 1482.9041666666667 discuss-implication 10.592908237675235 machine-learning 78.11611062335382 online-offline 10.961132156826512 knowledge-gap 38.27975974819981 mass-shooting 12.838070846259289 well-understanding 25.684347808157035 working-condition 18.978136831440303 theoretical-practical 49.45636574951363 human-interest 52.00402876496435 good-practice 10.386347922129234 positive-negative 17.603267769112822 representative-survey 18.703295795795796 agenda-building 362.8382535460993 paper-argue 14.663193849139107 give-rise 13.94526076564398 cold-war 85.93086519114688 supreme-court 585.838683127572 small-town 170.44875478927202 digital-era 22.79852663519892 paper-explore 14.42242171303469 negative-emotion 25.306206614581942 south-korean 111.21781250000001 audience-member 12.679838407990134 random-sample 172.31592325848817 experiment-n 45.395025510204086 mixed-method 432.97726153578776 global-south 56.619977272727276 macro-level 119.95180316818336 associated-press 37.01399866877444 non-governmental-organization 47.1413514485212 cross-national 671.0247146351406 data-collection 28.472215555448887 artificial-intelligence 1339.397311827957 u.s-newspaper 10.03170052709857 civil-right 91.86809499225608 domestic-violence 10.903707107843138 ethical-dilemma 40.033408323959506 third-person-perception 23.293212906603834 mobile-device 65.30220183486239 sexual-harassment 193.07886170842377 echo-chamber 413.35307781649243 agenda-setting-effect 22.535734780216956 york-times 921.1490993839739 long-form 10.096368794326242 slow-journalism 16.33076171095683 covid-19-pandemic 410.37274596426886 coronavirus-pandemic 269.8419492693686 message-credibility 16.71550590445518 fact-check 801.4570021111892 twentieth-century 1241.057135193133 search-engine 855.0078078078078 information-subsidy 36.184153957879445 presidential-candidate 36.272345543121546 twenty-first-century 763.7274678111588 nineteenth-century 636.439556509299 war-ii 206.87060138609436 fact-checking 33310.556650246304 visual-framing 10.430010784704475 time-spend 48.30015380903553 long-standing 263.6274074074074 short-term 22.64455991516437 peer-review 13.252047959487637 semi-structured 1542220.3333333333 fact-checker 6662.111330049262 wide-web 20.857821016233956 third-person-effect 71.36316013735369 new-notable 25.988421906693713
Some corpus-specific stop words
[('news', 11367),
('journalism', 7798),
('media', 6839),
('journalist', 6687),
('study', 5039),
('newspaper', 2797),
('article', 2591),
('coverage', 2341),
('political', 2209),
('research', 2196),
('practice', 2193),
('role', 2160),
('use', 2050),
('analysis', 1921),
('journalistic', 1885)]
Total number of terms: 26134, number of unique terms: 522362
RQ2: How are topics related to the digital aspects reflected in journalism research clusters ❓
We have
$${\text{idf}(t,D) = \log{\frac{N}{ 1+|\{d\in D : t\in d\}|}}}$$
Cluster 1 A Look at Agenda-setting: past, present and future (McCombs, 2005); What's in a Frame? A Content Analysis of Media Framing Studies in the World's Leading Communication Journals, 1990-2005 (Matthes, 2009); Quantitative analysis of large amounts of journalistic texts using topic modelling (Jacobi, Atteveldt, Welbers, 2015); Candidate Images in Spanish Elections: Second-Level Agenda-Setting Effects (McCombs, Llamas, López-Escobar, Rey, 1997); Issues and Best Practices in Content Analysis (Lacy, Watson, Riffe, Lovejoy, 2015); A Longitudinal Study of Agenda Setting for the Issue of Environmental Pollution (Ader, 1995); Agenda Setting and International News: Media Influence on Public Perceptions of Foreign Nations (Wanta, Golan, Lee, 2004); Think about it This Way: Attribute Agenda-Setting Function of the Press and the public's Evaluation of a Local Issue (Kim, Scheufele, Shanahan, 2002); INTER-MEDIA AGENDA SETTING AND GLOBAL NEWS COVERAGE (Golan, 2006); The Effects of Message Framing on Response to Environmental Communications (Davis, 1995); Cluster 2 PARTICIPATORY JOURNALISM PRACTICES IN THE MEDIA AND BEYOND (Domingo, Quandt, Heinonen, Paulussen, Singer, Vujnovic, 2008); Perceptions of Internet Information Credibility (Flanagin, Metzger, 2000); A CLASH OF CULTURES (Hermida, Thurman, 2008); Between tradition and change (Mitchelstein, Boczkowski, 2009); Wag the Blog: How Reliance on Traditional Media and the Internet Influence Credibility Perceptions of Weblogs Among Blog Users (Johnson, Kaye, 2004); Cruising is Believing?: Comparing Internet and Traditional Sources on Media Credibility Measures (Johnson, Kaye, 1998); Virtuous or Vitriolic (Santana, 2013); The Microscope and the Moving Target: The Challenge of Applying Content Analysis to the World Wide Web (McMillan, 2000); PREPARING FOR AN AGE OF PARTICIPATORY NEWS (Deuze, Bruns, Neuberger, 2007); The political j-blogger (Singer, 2005); Cluster 3 Defining “Fake News” (Tandoc, Lim, Ling, 2017); What is News? (Harcup, O'Neill, 2016); Fake News and The Economy of Emotions (Bakir, McStay, 2017); Truth is What Happens to News (Waisbord, 2018); SHARE, LIKE, RECOMMEND (Hermida, Fletcher, Korell, Logan, 2012); More Than Just Talk on the Move: Uses and Gratifications of the Cellular Phone (Leung, Wei, 2000); The Digital Architectures of Social Media: Comparing Political Campaigning on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and Snapchat in the 2016 U.S. Election (Bossetta, 2018); Key Dimensions of Alternative News Media (Holt, Figenschou, Frischlich, 2019); The Impact of Trust in the News Media on Online News Consumption and Participation (Fletcher, Park, 2017); Hard and soft news: A review of concepts, operationalizations and key findings (Reinemann, Stanyer, Scherr, Legnante, 2011); Cluster 4 What is journalism? (Deuze, 2005); The objectivity norm in American journalism* (Schudson, 2001); MAPPING JOURNALISM CULTURES ACROSS NATIONS (Hanitzsch, Hanusch, Mellado, Anikina, Berganza, Cangoz, Coman, Hamada, Hernández, Karadjov, Moreira, Mwesige, Plaisance, Reich, Seethaler, Skewes, Noor, Yuen, 2010); The personalization of mediated political communication: A review of concepts, operationalizations and key findings (Aelst, Sheafer, Stanyer, 2011); The framing of politics as strategy and game: A review of concepts, operationalizations and key findings (Aalberg, Strömbäck, Vreese, 2011); MEDIA(TED) DISCOURSE AND SOCIETY (Carvalho, 2008); Understanding the Global Journalist: a hierarchy-of-influences approach (Reese, 2001); Modeling Perceived Influences on Journalism: Evidence from a Cross-National Survey of Journalists (Hanitzsch, Anikina, Berganza, Cangoz, Coman, Hamada, Hanusch, Karadjov, Mellado, Moreira, Mwesige, Plaisance, Reich, Seethaler, Skewes, Noor, Yuen, 2010); Psychology of News Decisions (Donsbach, 2004); Between Rhetoric and Practice (Mellado, Dalen, 2013); Cluster 5 IN DEFENSE OF TEXTUAL ANALYSIS (Fürsich, 2009); Beyond journalism: Theorizing the transformation of journalism (Deuze, Witschge, 2017); Between creative and quantified audiences: Web metrics and changing patterns of newswork in local US newsrooms (Anderson, 2011); Journalism beyond democracy: A new look into journalistic roles in political and everyday life (Hanitzsch, Vos, 2016); THE JOURNALISTIC GUT FEELING (Schultz, 2007); THE JOURNALIST IS MARKETING THE NEWS (Tandoc, Vos, 2015); The Audience-Oriented Editor (Ferrer-Conill, Tandoc, 2018); Boundary Work, Interloper Media, And Analytics In Newsrooms (Usher, Holton, 2018); News selection criteria in the digital age: Professional norms versus online audience metrics (Welbers, Atteveldt, Kleinnijenhuis, Ruigrok, Schaper, 2016); News Startups as Agents of Innovation (Carlson, Usher, 2015); Cluster 6 An Emotional Turn in Journalism Studies? (Wahl-Jorgensen, 2019); The Effect of Narrative News Format on Empathy for Stigmatized Groups (Oliver, Dillard, Bae, Tamul, 2012); 360° Video Journalism: Experimental Study on the Effect of Immersion on News Experience and Distant Suffering (Damme, All, Marez, Leuven, 2019); The strategic ritual of emotionality: A case study of Pulitzer Prize-winning articles (Wahl-Jorgensen, 2012); What is Slow Journalism? (Masurier, 2014); Disaster News (Houston, Pfefferbaum, Rosenholtz, 2012); Emotion aside or emotional side? Crafting an ‘experience of involvement’ in the news (Peters, 2011); DIGITALITY, VIRTUAL REALITY AND THE ‘EMPATHY MACHINE’ (Hassan, 2019); Virtual Reality, 360° Video, and Journalism Studies: Conceptual Approaches to Immersive Technologies (Mabrook, Singer, 2019); Re-imagining crisis reporting: Professional ideology of journalists and citizen eyewitness images (Andén-Papadopoulos, Pantti, 2013); Cluster 7 What Is News? Galtung and Ruge revisited (Harcup, O'Neill, 2001); Social media as public opinion: How journalists use social media to represent public opinion (McGregor, 2019); A COMPROMISED FOURTH ESTATE? (Lewis, Ae, Franklin, 2008); WHAT ARE FINANCIAL JOURNALISTS FOR? (Tambini, 2009); JOURNALIST–SOURCE RELATIONS, MEDIATED REFLEXIVITY AND THE POLITICS OF POLITICS (Davis, 2009); Effects of Victim Exemplification in Television News on Viewer Perception of Social Issues (Aust, Zillmann, 1996); The Unified Framework of Media Diversity: A Systematic Literature Review (Loecherbach, Möller, Trilling, Atteveldt, 2020); The American Journalist in the Digital Age: Another Look at U.S. News People (Weaver, Willnat, Wilhoit, 2018); LOOK WHO'S TALKING (Dimitrova, Strömbäck, 2009); Citizen sources in the news: Above and beyond the vox pop? (Kleemans, Schaap, Hermans, 2016); Cluster 8 Algorithmic Accountability (Diakopoulos, 2014); Measuring Message Credibility (Appelman, Sundar, 2015); Clarifying Journalism’s Quantitative Turn (Coddington, 2014); Algorithmic Transparency in the News Media (Diakopoulos, Koliska, 2016); On the Democratic Role of News Recommenders (Helberger, 2019); Burst of the Filter Bubble? (Haim, Graefe, Brosius, 2017); The Robotic Reporter (Carlson, 2014); Automation, Journalism, and Human–Machine Communication: Rethinking Roles and Relationships of Humans and Machines in News (Lewis, Guzman, Schmidt, 2019); Mapping the field of Algorithmic Journalism (Dörr, 2015); Actors, Actants, Audiences, and Activities in Cross-Media News Work (Lewis, Westlund, 2014); Cluster 9 TWITTERING THE NEWS (Hermida, 2010); NORMALIZING TWITTER (Lasorsa, Lewis, Holton, 2011); TWITTER AS A REPORTING TOOL FOR BREAKING NEWS (Vis, 2012); SOCIAL MEDIA AS BEAT (Broersma, Graham, 2012); #JOURNALISM (Hermida, 2013); TWITTER AS A NEWS SOURCE (Broersma, Graham, 2013); Reciprocal Journalism (Lewis, Holton, Coddington, 2013); Personal Branding on Twitter (Brems, Temmerman, Graham, Broersma, 2016); Twitter’s influence on news judgment: An experiment among journalists (McGregor, Molyneux, 2018); RESEARCHING NEWS DISCUSSION ON TWITTER (Bruns, Burgess, 2012); Cluster 10 Does a Crisis Change News Habits? A Comparative Study of the Effects of COVID-19 on News Media Use in 17 European Countries (Aelst, Toth, Castro, Štětka, Vreese, Aalberg, Cardenal, Corbu, Esser, Hopmann, Koc-Michalska, Matthes, Schemer, Sheafer, Splendore, Stanyer, Stępińska, Strömbäck, Theocharis, 2021); MOBILE NEWS (Westlund, 2012); Communal News Work: COVID-19 Calls for Collective Funding of Journalism (Olsen, Pickard, Westlund, 2020); Conceptualizing “Dark Platforms”. Covid-19-Related Conspiracy Theories on 8kun and Gab (Zeng, Schäfer, 2021); Effects of Exposure to COVID-19 News and Information: A Meta-Analysis of Media Use and Uncertainty-Related Responses During the Pandemic (Chu, Yeo, Su, 2022); Still Unwilling to Pay: An Empirical Analysis of 50 U.S. Newspapers’ Digital Subscription Results (Chyi, Ng, 2020); Content for Free? Drivers of Past Payment, Paying Intent and Willingness to Pay for Digital Journalism – A Systematic Literature Review (O'Brien, Wellbrock, Kleer, 2020); Paying for Online News (Fletcher, Nielsen, 2016); The Coronavirus Pandemic as a Critical Moment for Digital Journalism (Quandt, Wahl-Jorgensen, 2021); Restructuring Democratic Infrastructures: A Policy Approach to the Journalism Crisis (Pickard, 2020);
RQ3: How are the field development and structure related to the journals ❓
RQ4: How has the field structure evolved over time ❓
Period 1: 431 nodes 2009 links Average clustering coefficient 0.6143922574647204 Average degree 9.322505800464038 Network density 0.022 Giant connected component 391 nodes faction 0.907
Period 2: 1045 nodes 13113 links Average clustering coefficient 0.5505707800249496 Average degree 25.096650717703348 Network density 0.024 Giant connected component 1032 nodes faction 0.988
Period 3: 2127 nodes 44838 links Average clustering coefficient 0.508974181882512 Average degree 42.160789844851905 Network density 0.02 Giant connected component 2123 nodes faction 0.998
Period 4: 3431 nodes 112469 links Average clustering coefficient 0.49817845339652855 Average degree 65.56047799475371 Network density 0.019 Giant connected component 3415 nodes faction 0.995
Period 2 after filtering (α=0.2): number of nodes after filtering: 587 0.562 number of edges after filtering: 1527 0.116 percentage of weights after filtering: 0.329 Average clustering coefficient 0.483 Average degree 5.203 Giant connected component: 485 nodes faction 0.826
Period 3 after filtering (α=0.2): number of nodes after filtering: 1369 0.644 number of edges after filtering: 5850 0.13 percentage of weights after filtering: 0.379 Average clustering coefficient 0.442 Average degree 8.546 Giant connected component: 1319 nodes faction 0.963
Period 4 after filtering (α=0.2): number of nodes after filtering: 2376 0.693 number of edges after filtering: 14961 0.133 percentage of weights after filtering: 0.394 Average clustering coefficient 0.458 Average degree 12.593 Giant connected component: 2310 nodes faction 0.972
Leiden cumulative CC1: n_clusters and modularity (26, 0.657) CC2: n_clusters and modularity (45, 0.727) CC3: n_clusters and modularity (42, 0.561) CC4: n_clusters and modularity (44, 0.543)
Cluster 1 Cruising is Believing?: Comparing Internet and Traditional Sources on Media Credibility Measures Interactivity, Online Journalism, and English-Language Web Newspapers in Asia Perceptions of Internet Information Credibility Cluster 2 News Media, Candidates and Issues, and Public Opinion in the 1996 Presidential Campaign Old-Growth Forests on Network News: News Sources and the Framing of An Environmental Controversy The Sound Bites, the Biters, and the Bitten: An Analysis of Network TV News Bias in Campaign ′92 Cluster 3 The objectivity norm in American journalism* National News Cultures: A Comparison of Dutch, German, British, Australian, and U.S. Journalists Understanding the Global Journalist: a hierarchy-of-influences approach Cluster 4 The Interaction of News and Advocate Frames: Manipulating Audience Perceptions of a Local Public Policy Issue The Effects of Message Framing on Response to Environmental Communications Constructing Reality: Print Media's Framing of the Women's Movement, 1966 to 1986 Cluster 5 Doing the Traditional Media Sidestep: Comparing the Effects of the Internet and Other Nontraditional Media with Traditional Media in the 1996 Presidential Campaign Forecast 2000: Widening Knowledge Gaps Interactions and Nonlinearity in Mass Communication: Connecting Theory and Methodology
I used an original dictionary of method terms based on the literature and my previous work.
👉 So, lets detect method terms in the abstract
method detect number: 3892 , method detect percentage: 0.57
RQ5: What are the most used methods in journalism research ❓
[('interview', 1200),
('survey', 784),
('content analysis', 782),
('qualitative', 448),
('experiment', 403),
('case study', 389),
('quantitative', 285),
('observation', 171),
('textual analysis', 141),
('comparative study', 135),
('discourse analysis', 130),
('ethnography', 122),
('focus group', 101),
('statistic', 91),
('mixed method', 81),
('framing analysis', 56),
('correlation', 49),
('exploratory study', 46),
('longitudinal study', 43),
('fieldwork', 43),
('regression', 39),
('questionnaire', 38),
('thematic analysis', 34),
('representative sample', 29),
('network analysis', 26),
('computational method', 26),
('structural equation', 21),
('cluster analysis', 21),
('factor analysis', 21),
('machine learning', 17),
('topic model', 16),
('close reading', 15),
('time series analysis', 14),
('critical analysis', 12),
('visual analysis', 11),
('grounded theory', 10),
('conversation analysis', 10),
('meta analysis', 10),
('secondary analysis', 9),
('action research', 8)]
Number of methods: 93
RQ6: How are (digital) methods related to the different journalism research clusters❓
method detect number: 2642 , method detect percentage: 0.61
